The Origin of Hering's Rule

Abstract

A central question in the application of homeopathy as practical medicine is how to make reliable predictions about the course of healing - especially in chronic diseases. Practical guidelines would be of great benefit to beginners, but their development requires a comprehensive collection and independent analysis of observations - as Samuel Hahnemann had already initiated in his time and Constantin Hering continued later.

Chronic diseases are dynamic processes that change as a result of natural progression, therapeutic interventions and other contextual factors. The sequence of the appearance and disappearance of symptoms is of decisive importance for therapy and prognosis - a central finding in homeopathy.

A to derive scientific theories or even laws from these observations, which one could accuse James Tyler Kent. Open questions concern the relevance of specific parameters in the assessment of disease progression, possible patterns in the sequence of symptoms and the development of contemporary scientific explanatory models.

Introduction

The term "Hering's rule" is not missing in any homeopathy textbook today. Every student of homeopathy learns this rule during their training as an important prognostic criterion with which they can or should be able to judge the curative course of chronic diseases. Some authors even speak of a "Hering's (healing) law".

Kent stated that healing must progress from the centre to the periphery, from top to bottom, from inside to outside and from more important to less important organs. Furthermore, in a curative reaction, the symptoms must disappear in the reverse order of their appearance. (Kent, 1911)

The search for regularities and the postulation of rules stems from our scientific view of the world and the understandable desire for manageable guidelines for practice.

Rules, laws and empiricism as a methodology

Empiricism as the central method of scientific knowledge is based on gaining insights through precise and repeated observations, which inductively lead to the formulation of scientific theories in the sense of an empirical science. These theories are cyclically and continuously tested by further observations. (Link Einfügen zu empirie)

A rule generally refers to a relationship or principle that describes or explains observable phenomena. A rule is therefore based on empirical observations and describes certain patterns or correlations (regularities).

A (scientific) law is more precise than a rule and is based on both extensive phenomenological foundations and practical evidence. Variables and properties are defined in a law and generally valid statements can often be derived. This allows more precise predictions to be made than with a rule.

If a rule is not tested in practice through sufficient and varied observations and either confirmed or refuted, it remains a working hypothesis. It is possible to operate with this, but the knowledge gained from it should always be regarded as provisional and continually scrutinised in order to ensure a sound and reliable scientific basis.

Prognosis of the course of the disease and recovery

When treating patients, it is important to be able to make reliable prognoses regarding the course of the disease and healing. It is essential for case management to correctly assess homeopathic treatment using suitable parameters.

However, vaguely formulated rules that operate "from top to bottom", "from inside to outside" or from "important to less important organs" open up a great deal of room for interpretation.

Observations from practice show that this rule is not consistently or only partially confirmed in the treatment and analysis of case histories, which leads to justified doubts and further questions:

  • Does this rule actually originate from Constantin Hering and if so, in what context was it described and introduced?
  • Is this rule a suitable instrument for assessing the course of disease and healing?

Further reading

André Saine investigated these questions in more detail. In 1988, he published his source-critical analysis "Hering's Law: Law, Rule or Dogma?, which was unfortunately only recognised by a few colleagues and had little influence on teaching (Saine, 1988).

A. Saine's original article was translated into German by Roland Methner and Ute Steffenhagen with the kind permission of the author. His research work, which is definitely worth reading in full, is expanded and supplemented here.

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In 1998, Christian Lucae made a further comprehensive contribution to the development of "Hering's Law" (Lucae, 1998).

The most detailed compilation of sources on Hering's rule can currently be found in the latest edition of the Lexikon der Homöopathie: Das Basiswissen der Homöopathie in Original-Zitaten by Dr Hedwig Pötters (Pötters, 2022, pp. 456-470).

Here are the most important sources, i.e. chronologically verifiable considerations and statements by Hahnemann, Hering and Kent, which led to the formulation of the "rules".

“Hering's rule” in various publications

1 Samuel Hahnemann

In 1828, Samuel Hahnemann described his empirical observations in the first volume of his work The Chronic Diseases, Their Specific Nature and Homeopathic Cure and formulated rules regarding the progression and cure of chronic diseases (Hahnemann, 1835).

Portrait of Samuel Hahnemann - Detail from a stained glass window
Fig.1 - Samuel Hahnemann. Detail from a stained glass window (Photo: Museum Schloss Köthen) edited by Welterberegion Anhalt-Dessau-Wittenberg e.V.)

Based on his theory that an infectious skin disease (“Psora”) preceded most chronic ailments, he developed his ideas about the healing process. The fundamental statements that Hering later adopted in his rules can already be found here:

  • A superficial skin rash is the first manifestation of a chronic (psoric) disease. Natural progression or treatment that only dispels the superficial symptoms can worsen the symptoms of the chronic disease. These would then disappear in the reverse order of their appearance in a curative reaction.

"The most recently added symptoms of a chronic disease left to itself (not spoiled by medical bungling) disappear first during the antipsoric treatment, whereas the oldest and most constant and unchanged ailments—among which the persistent local afflictions are counted—disappear last, and only after all other complaints have already vanished and health has been nearly fully restored in every other respect." (Hahnemann, 1835, p. 168; author’s transl.)

  • If old symptoms reappear during treatment, this is a sign of a curative effect. For example, the reappearance of a skin rash would be a sign that the disease has been cured.
  • Hahnemann also described observations of psychosomatic illnesses which, from today's perspective, progress "from the inside out". An immediate reaction of psychological symptoms to treatment is a reliable sign (not a rule of progression) of a curative reaction.

The shifting of symptoms, which Hahnemann observed in the progression of a chronic disease, he took up and explained in Organon paragraphs 215 and 216 (“one-sided diseases”), among others:

"The cases are not rare in which a so-called bodily disease threatening death - a suppuration of the lungs, or the corruption of some other noble viscera, or some other acute disease, e.g. in childbirth, etc., degenerates, by a rapid increase of the previous mental symptom, into a madness, a kind of melancholy, or a frenzy, and thus makes all danger of death from the bodily symptoms disappear; the latter, however, improve almost to health, or rather diminish to such a degree that their darkly persistent presence can only be recognised by the persevering and delicately observant physician. In this way they degenerate into a one-sided disease, a localised disease, as it were, in which the previously mild symptom of mood disorder becomes the main symptom, which then largely replaces the other (physical) symptoms, and palliates their severity, so that, in a word, the ills of the gross bodily organs are transferred, as it were, to the almost spiritual organs of mind and spirit, which no dissecting knife has ever reached or can reach, and are derived from them." (Hahnemann, 1921; author’s transl.)

2 Constantin Hering

When Hering wrote the preface to the American edition of The Chronic Diseases in 1845, he could already look back on more than 20 years of practical experience in the use of homeopathic remedies and the performance of homeopathic provings. He formulated Hahnemann's original observations here as the "law of sequence”:

"Every homoeopathic physician must have observed that the improvement in pain takes place from above downward; and in diseases, from within outward. This is the reason why chronic diseases, if they are thoroughly cured, always terminate in some cutaneous eruption, which differs according to the different constitutions of the patient. […] The thorough cure of a widely ramified chronic disease in the organism is indicated by the most important organs first relieved; the affection passes off in the order in which the organs had been affected, the more important being relieved first, the less important next, and the skin last." (Hering, 1845, p. 7 f.)

Portrait Constantin Hering
Fig. 2 - Constantine Hering (1800 - 1880). Source: Collection de Mr Sylvain Cazalet (Constantine Hering Memorial 1880 edited by Charles G. Raue, Calvin B. Knerr, and Charles Mohr, printed in Philadelphia by Globe Printing House)

As later publications show, Hering did not feel compelled to revise his views on the basis of other observations. In 1864, for example, he declared in the Homöopathische Vierteljahresschrift in a dispute with Dr David Roth's criticism of Hahnemann:

"[...] This same peculiar faculty showed him [Hahnemann; author's note] the difference between the healed and the unhealed. This alone made it possible for him to make the great discovery, unnoticed in the text-books of homœopathy, that the signs must be raised in the reverse order of their origin, that the signs last produced are always the most important in the choice, that is, what the faithful followers must and have inferred as necessary, namely, that when the signs cease in the reverse order of their production, the patient remains cured, but not in any other order.

The same ability to make observations of such importance made him realise that the chronic patients in whom a rash developed were not only improved during this process, but also after its cessation, more and more persistently than when internal signs ceased without the appearance of external ones. It is similar with the cessation of the signs first above, then further below; which always allows us a better prognosis, often that of permanent healing. Yes, it is quite in accordance with the foregoing, because the uppermost corresponds to the innermost, the lowermost to the outermost." (Hering, 1864, p. 1311)

It is questionable how many German colleagues even read these arguments entitled "Schachzüge". The chapter "Anweisung, wie man dem Arzte Bericht erstatte" in Constantin Hering's Homöopathischer Hausarzt probably contributed to the much greater awareness (not to say popularity) of Hering's rule. From the 12th edition of 1864, Hering had supplemented this section and explained here:

"Above all, however, it is important to give an exact account of the sequence in which the various complaints have arisen. Just as it is not the right of any patient to determine what he wants to be cured by the physician and what not, but it is necessary that the physician should know everything, because all healing must aim at curing the whole man, but this can only ever be done from within outwards, or from above downwards, so also the physician must know exactly the order in which everything arose. This is also one of those great laws which Hahnemann discovered, that in every patient the various complaints which gradually appear must always be removed in the reverse order of their origin, that is, the last first, and the oldest last, and this cannot be changed; if the patient and his physician do not follow this exactly, nothing will come of the cure, and the patient will either not get well at all, or will not remain so for long." (Hering, 1864, p. 16]

Richard Haehl, who was responsible for the further publication of the 19th edition of the Homeopathic Family Doctor from 1905, removed this passage in his subsequent and (in some cases significantly) modified versions. By then, however, 7 editions of the successful homeopathic guide had been sold. This important paragraph does not appear in the English- and French-language publications based on Hering's Hausarzt that were circulating at the time.

The unaltered reprint published by Verlag v. d. Lieth in 1997 is fortunately based on the 14th edition of 1875, which was still authorised by Hering.

In 1865, Hering then went into the subject again in detail and with explanations in the essay Hahnemann's three rules concerning the rank of symptoms:

"[...] the quintessence of his doctrine is, to give in all chronic diseases, i. e. such as progress from without inwardly, from the less essential parts of our body to the more essential, from the periphery to the central organs, generally from below upwards, -to give in all such cases by preference, such drugs as are opposite in their direction, or way of action, such as act from within outward, from up downward, from the most essential organs to the less essential, from the brain and the nerves outward and down to the most outward and the lowest of all organs, to the skin. [...] Hahnemann's doctrine of treating chronic diseases, includes another and opposite, viz.: the opposite direction in the development of each case of chronic disease. All the antipsoric drugs of Hahnemann have this peculiarity as the most characteristic; the evolution of the effects from within towards without." (Hering, 1865, p. 6 f.)

Here, Hering furthermore recommends, when selecting remedies, “to give in all such cases by preference, such drugs as are opposite in their direction, or way of action”. Apparently, his focus was more on conveying practically applicable rules than on postulating strict laws.

In 1875, Hering adopted Hahnemann's order of symptoms in his work Analytical Therapeutics of the Mind. Here he reaffirmed his observations that in a curative course the symptoms disappear in the reverse order of their appearance. (Hering, 1875)

The repeated publication of Hahnemann's three rules concerning the rank of symptoms, for example in The Medical Advance (1892), in Transactions of the Worlds̓ Congress of Homœopathic Physicians and Surgeons (1893) and in The British Homoeopathic Review (1909), shows that the topic was of interest to homeopathic physicians at the time and was also discussed. (Hering, 1865)

3 James Tyler Kent

James Tyler Kent (1849 - 1916) introduced the term "Hering's rule" or "Hering's law" into literature and linguistic usage.

Portrait of J. T. Kent, before 1916
Fig. 3 - Portrait of J. T. Kent, before 1916. source: http://homeoint.org/biograph/kentde.htm

In 1911, Kent claimed in his essay Correspondence of Organs, and Direction of Cure:

"Hering first introduced the Law of Direction of symptoms: from within out, from above downward, in reverse order of their appearance. It does not occur in Hahnemann's writings. It is spoken of as Hering's Law. There is scarcely anything of this law in the literature of Homoeopathy, except the observation of symptoms going from above to the extremities, eruptions appearing on the skin and discharges from mucous membranes or ulcers appearing upon the legs as internal symptoms disappear." (Kent, 1911, p. 31)

As shown in section 1 of this chapter, Hahnemann already recognised what Hering then formulated in a more concise form as rules. In this respect, Kent was wrong here.

The most quoted source for Kent's view on "Hering's law" are his lectures on homeopathic philosophy, which he gave at the Postgraduate School of Homeopathy in 1900 and which were also published as a book and went through several editions (Kent, 1919). In Chapter 2, "The Highest Ideal of a Cure" we read the following:

"The first of man is his voluntary and the second of man is his understanding, the last of man is his outermost; from his centre to his circumference, to his organs, his skin, hair, nails, etc. This being true, the cure must proceed from centre to circumference. From centre to circumference is from above downwards, from within outwards, from more important to less important organs, from the head to the hands and feet. Every homoeopathic practitioner who understands the art of healing, knows that symptoms which go off in these directions, remain away permanently. Moreover, he knows that symptoms which disappear in the reverse order of their coming are removed permanently." (Kent, 1919, p. 31)

In terms of content, Kent modified the rules according to his ideological views (e.g. the religious teachings of Swedenborg) and the zeitgeist of the time (psychoanalysis was booming in the USA from the 1910s). He identified the "inner" with the inner life of the human soul. As a teacher and author, he influenced many subsequent generations of homeopaths.

"Kent's [...] psychosomatisation of this rule, which was actually intended as a purely phenomenological description of the hierarchical healing process, stands in striking contrast to Hahnemann's somatopsychotic concept of vicariations, as he coined it in the Organon." (Matner, 2002, p. 186; author’s transl.)

The desire for practical guidelines and generally applicable rules is more than understandable, especially for beginners. Deriving such rules requires an extensive collection of observations and experiences as well as a critical evaluation that is independent of current zeitgeist theories. However, it is of course not possible to derive laws from this in the scientific sense. (See the definitions of natural law on Wikipedia “Scientific Law”, 2025)

Discussion - unconsidered aspects

The discussion about the so-called Hering's rule has another dimension, which A. Matner points out in his work Das Denken der Homöopathie: the change of form of diseases (pathomorphosis) as well as the idea of vicariance - the representative function of symptoms for others (Matner, 2002, p. 182 ff.).

Chronic diseases must be understood as dynamic processes that can change over time and under the influence of various factors. Disease patterns develop through natural progression as well as through therapeutic interventions and other contextual factors. The view that the first manifestation, the skin rash, or other peripheral local symptoms "relieve" the organism of more serious disorders, but disappear with progression, is a core idea of Hahnemann's psora or miasm theory.

Curative homeopathic treatment aims to reverse the pathological changes. Therefore, the order in which symptoms occur is important for the treatment and prognosis of chronic diseases.

Observing and documenting the progression of symptoms over time is the basis for understanding and treating chronic illnesses.

The core question that both Hahnemann and Hering, and ultimately all homeopaths, ask themselves is this:

How can reliable predictions be made about the healing process?

In the sense of finding regularities and rules, further questions arise, e.g.

  • Which parameters are relevant and important to observe during the course of the disease?
  • Which parameters say something about the healing process and under which conditions?
  • If symptoms serve as parameters, what correlations are there between the occurrence and disappearance of individual symptoms?
  • Can we confirm these correlations on the basis of many individually observed and well-documented cases?
  • Are there conclusive scientific models that can serve as an explanatory model?
  • How can I use the case history to prove whether my prognosis was correct?

A scientific study on this topic has not yet taken place, but would help homeopaths to gain clarity on these controversial issues. This would serve to make well-founded prognoses for the course of healing, especially when using individualized homeopathy.


Sources and references

[1] Hahnemann, S. (1811). Reine Arzneimittellehre. vol 1. Dresden: Arnold.

[2] Hahnemann, S (1835). Die chronischen Krankheiten: ihre eigenthümliche Natur und homöopathische Heilung. 2nd edition Dresden, Leipzig: Arnold.

[3] Hahnemann, S. (1921). Organon der Heilkunst. 6th edítion Leipzig.

[4] Hering, C. (1845). Preface. Hahnemann S.: The Chronic Diseases (C.J. Hempel, Transl.). New York: William Radde. https://archive.org/details/b29326515_0001/page/n19/mode/2up?q=physician+%28Herings+Vorwort+zu+den+Chronic+Diseases+Seite+7%29

[5] Hering, C (1864). Herings „Schachzüge“ in reply to the studies of Dr Roth in Paris. In Homöopathische Vierteljahresschrift vol 15. in Herings Medizinische Schriften vol. 3, p. 1311 ff. https://books.google.de/books?id=AxEwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA323&dq=%22in+der+umgekehrten+Ordnung+ihres+Entstehens%22&hl=de&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjT5pPcrOeKAxU5nf0HHWTAFnMQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=%22in%20der%20umgekehrten%20Ordnung%20ihres%20Entstehens%22&f=false

[6] Hering, C (1864). Constantin Hering’s homöopathischer Hausarzt. 12. edition. Jena: Friedrich Frommann. https://books.google.de/books?id=Yyjh2i6yZiIC&pg=PA13&dq=%22Anweisung,+wie+man+dem+Arzte+Bericht+erstatte%22&hl=de&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie2tS2z-aKAxWB1gIHHYkyLhoQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=%22Anweisung%2C%20wie%20man%20dem%20Arzte%20Bericht%20erstatte%22&f=false

[7] Hering, C. (1865). Hahnemann's Three Rules Concerning the Rank of Symptoms. Hahnemannian Monthly; p. 5-12. https://books.google.de/books?id=1iFNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=%22Hahnemann%27s+three+rules%22&hl=de&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiKx4q7uueKAxXpa_EDHUUeCTsQ6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepage&q=%22Hahnemann's%20three%20rules%22&f=false

Also in the following publications:

The Medical Advance, vol. 28-29, published 1892, University of Iowa, p. 427-434. https://books.google.de/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&pg=PA436&dq=Constantin+Hering+%22in+the+reverse+order%22&id=OXZMAQAAMAAJ&hl=de#v=onepage&q=Constantin%20Hering%20%22in%20the%20reverse%20order%22&f=false

Transactions of the Worlds̓ Congress of Homœopathic Physicians and Surgeons: Held […] in Chicago, Ill., May 29 to June 3, 1893, p. 870-889. https://books.google.de/books?id=JUVHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA870&dq=%22Hahnemann%27s+three+rules%22&hl=de&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRndb6vOeKAxUHlP0HHXHnN6E4ChDoAXoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=%22Hahnemann's%20three%20rules%22&f=false

The British Homoeopathic Review. Band 3. British Homoeopathic Association. 1909. S. 716-720. https://books.google.de/books?id=YpkgAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA716&dq=%22Hahnemann%27s+three+rules%22&hl=de&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRndb6vOeKAxUHlP0HHXHnN6E4ChDoAXoECAwQAg#v=onepage&q=%22Hahnemann's%20three%20rules%22&f=false

[8] Hering, C. (1875). Analytical Therapeutics of the Mind. Vol 1. Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel. Retrieved 6 Feb 2025 from https://books.google.de/books?id=7YsNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hering+Analytical+Therapeutics+of+the+Mind&hl=de&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

[9] Hering, C. (1997). Constantin Hering’s homöopathischer Hausarzt (B. V. D. Lieth, Ed.). Reprint of edition 1875.

[10] Kent, J.T. (1919). Lectures on homoeopathic philosophy. Chicago: Ehrhart & Karl. Retrieved 6 Feb 2025 from https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015006605763&seq=35

[11] Kent, J.T. (1911) Correspondence of Organs, and Direction of Cure. Transactions of the Society of Homeopathicians; p. 31-33.

[12] Kent, J.T. (2004). Zur Theorie der Homöopathie: Vorlesungen über Hahnemanns Organon. Translated by Jost Künzli von Fimmelsberg. 4th edition, [Reprint]. Haug.

[13] Lucae, C. (1998). Beitrag zur Entstehung des „Heringschen Gesetzes“. Zeitschrift für klassische Homöpathie. KH 2 vol. 42, p. 52-61.

[14] Matner, A. (2022). Das Denken der Homöopathie – Samuel Hahnemanns Lehre vom stellvertretenden Lokalsymptom. KVC Verlag, Essen. Retrieved 6 Feb 2025 from https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-euv/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/1229/file/Matner_Andreas.pdf

[15] Pötters, H. (2022). Lexikon der Homöopathie: Das Basiswissen der Homöopathie in Original-Zitaten vol.. 3 E-J, p. 456-470 https://books.google.de/books?id=DN1uEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA456&dq=Regel+und+ihre+Komponenten+inauthor:P%C3%B6tters&hl=de&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiClLXiiO6KAxUJ1AIHHUzHDUkQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=Regel%20und%20ihre%20Komponenten%20inauthor%3AP%C3%B6tters&f=false

[16] Saine, A. (1988). Hering's Law: Law, Rule or Dogma?. Article and paper presented at the second annual meeting of the Homeopathic Academy of Naturopathic Physicians in Seattle, Washington, 16-17 April 1988. Retrieved 29 March 2024 from https://homeopathy.ca/herings-law-law-rule-or-dogma/.

[17] Wikipedia contributors. (o. J.). Scientific Law. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 February 2025 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_law.


Authors: smi, mnr | Rev.: glt | Ed.: pz | last modified May 29, 2023